organic chemistry part 1

Hello guys, welcome to mystudyrom my name is David.

Mystudyrom is a blog I created for we students so we can study and share our thoughts on subject we do in school.

This is my first post on this blog and the subject I will be treating on this post is Chemistry, Organic chemistry to be precise.

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Today I will be treating introduction to organic chemistry.

So let's start….

What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compound.

What do I mean by "its compound"?

Carbon compounds are compounds formed when carbon reacts or combine with other elements.

EXAMPLE:

        C + 2H₂           CH₄

Element carbon reacted with 2 moles of hydrogen to a mole of organic compound which is Methane (CH₄)

So, element carbon reacts with element hydrogen to form an organic compound…

So the study of carbon and the organic compounds it forms after reacting with other elements is known as ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

Organic chemistry can also be defined as the study of the structures, properties, preparations and reactions of organic compounds.

What do I mean by “the study of structure,  properties" ?

All organic compounds have their structures e.g.  for methane (CH₄) is tetrahedral and one of its properties is that its a gas and its flammable but guys don't worry we will still go to that….

Why does carbon forms  many compounds?

• Ability of carbon to catenae

  Catenation is the formation of single or branched chain.

• Ability to form double or triple bonds

• Ability to react easily with other elements…

Under Organic chemistry we have a sub topic called HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

what is homologous series?

   Homologous series is a family of organic compounds which follows a regular structural pattern in which each successive members differ by a ---CH2---

      Characteristics of homologous series

 • They have similar chemical properties

 •  They can be prepared by a general method

 • They can be represented by a general formula

 • They differ by a ---CH2---

    Hydrocarbons:

What are hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are compound which consists of carbon and hydrogen elements ONLY.

Note that word "ONLY"……they do not consists of any other elements except carbon and hydrogen.

Examples of hydrocarbons are CH3 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H6 (propene) etc…seeing these compounds mentioned above they consists of carbon and hydrogen only.

Hydrocarbons can be classified into Acyclic (open chain) and cyclic (closed chain).

Acyclic consists of the Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes while the cyclic consists of the Alicyclic and the Aromatic.

Under the Alicyclic we have the cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes and the cycloalkynes.

Now let's go a little bit deep…

Acyclic hydrocarbons:

Acyclic hydrocarbons as I’ve said earlier consist of the Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes.

Alkanes:

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with a single bond attached to their chain

Alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2

    Characteristics of the alkane Family

• They are saturated hydrocarbons

• They consists of single bonds attached to their chains

•   They undergo substitution reaction

• The first 3 compounds of the alkane family are gases while the next 5 are liquid and the rest are solid.

Examples of compounds in the alkane family

  Methane CH₄

Using their general formula C_nH_2n+2

 Where n=1

 _C1H(2*1]+2

 C1H₂₊₂

 CH₄

Another example is ethane

 C₂H₆

 Where n=2

 Then C₂H_(2*2}+2

 C₂H₄₊₂

 C₂H₆

Guys i hope you can solve for the rest using that same method because that's the easiest method you can use.

Note: when naming organic compounds, the presence of:

        One     carbon atom     =     meth

       Two      carbon atoms =   eth

       Three   carbon atoms =   prop

       Four     carbons atoms =   but

       Five     carbon   atoms =   pent

        Six      carbons atoms =   hex

       Seven    carbon atoms    =   hept

       Eight     carbon atoms     =   oct

       Nine      carbon atoms     =   non

       Ten      carbon atoms    =   Dec

Let's stop at ten for now because we will be dealing with the first ten.

So i believe you can now name the rest of the alkane family with these tips…

Preparation of alkanes:

•   Reaction of coke (carbon) with hydrogen

  C + 2H₂ -----> CH₄

•  From unsaturated hydrocarbons

  Sabatier and senderens  reduction.

Addition o f Hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of KMno4  potassium per magnate catalyst.

E.g.  ethene with hydrogen

C2H4 + H2 --------->   C2H6 ethane

From ethyne

 C2H2 + 2H2 --------> C2H6   ethane

• Wurtz reaction

It involves the use of sodium metal to remove the halogen family from haloalkanes in the presence of ether.

   2C2H5Br + 2Na -------> C2H6  + 2NaBr

• From Grignard’s reagent (organo metallic compound) RMgX

RMgX + H20 ------> R-H + Mg(OH)X

Where R is an organic compound

             Mg is a metal (magnesium)

             X is a halogen family

Let's say R is CH3 and X is chlorine which makes it CH3MgCl

CH3MgCl + H2O ---------> CH4 + Mg(OH)Cl

OR:        using ethanol

CH3MgCl  + C2H5OH ---------> C2H6 + Mg(OCH3)Cl

Now let's see the some properties of the alkane family.

Physical properties of alkane family

 • They are non-Polar due to covalent nature of C—C bond and C—H bond.

• They dissolve in non polar solvent.

 • They have low boiling point due to non polar in nature. The molecules are held together only by weak Van der Waals’ forces.

Guys hope it helped. we will start from alkenes in my next post and please comment for any question, guide or help see you all in my next post guys…

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Question of the day
• why are alkanes saturated
• why do alkanes undergo substitution reaction

Post your answers at the comment section below...

  Thanks

 Holuwarseun…